However, all uncertainties encompassing the partnership between salinity plus the stable isotopic constitution out-of seawater are caused by the deficiency of seawater isotope data (Conroy mais aussi al
As explained in the Oceanographic Settings, the bifurcation zone of the south and central branches of the SEC is located in the region between 5-14°S in the Winter. Thus, it can be considered that during the present sampling period, there is no mesoscale process acting in the region and this consequently controls the physical isotopic fractionation. To verify the influence of the continental discharge on the isotopic content, the isotopic distribution was also analyzed in regard to the distance of the coast, and no pattern was clearly detected (Supplementary Material, Figure S1). This means that no evidence was found for the existence of a cross shelf fractionation pattern of the ? 18 Osw and ?Dsw in this region, probably due to a low contribution of river discharge.
Because ? 18 Osw and Salinity are strongly correlated and basically controlled by the same processes, a similar latitudinal behavior for these variables was expected, as suggested by Craig and Gordon GORDON AL and PIOLA AR. 1983. Atlantic Upper Layer Salinity Budget. J Phys Oceanogr 13: 1293-1300. (1965). However, the latitudinal distribution of the surface ? 18 Osw and salinity for the Southwestern Tropical Atlantic ( Fig. 4) showed that the salinity has a well-defined distribution with a maximum center near 15°S, corroborating the salinity budget proposed by Gordon and Piola (1983), whereas the ? 18 Osw data revealed its highest levels near 25°S (Pierre et al. 1991).
The results for the analysis (93 new paired tips), in comparison to the relationships received of the Pierre and you can Ostlund, show differences in regards to the wintertime (this study) and you may Summer (Pierre and you can Ostlund) line, reinforcing this new argument of Schmidt (1999), because of the comparatively greater quantity of examples from this research
Previous studies of Pierre and Ostlund contributed to regional analysis of latitudinal fractionation, although hampered by the lack of regular spatial distribution. Nevertheless, combining the results of this work with these historical observations made it possible to validate the latitudinal separation of the Salinity and ? 18 Osw relationship. As pointed out by Gordon and Piola (1983), northward the salinity maximum zone, the salinity and ? 18 Osw have a similar decreasing tendency, which is most likely controlled by the high precipitation rates near the equator. However, south of 15°S, salinity has a strong increasing trend whereas the ? 18 Osw levels are nearly stable (increase of 0.007‰ for each latitudinal degree). Fig. 5 shows the means and standard deviations of values ? 18 Osw and Salinity for each water mass and considering only the samples with 60% or higher of a specific water mass. The seasonal fluctuation signal as a result of a ? 18 Osw enrichment coupled to a freshwater input in the Southwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean can be identified by the wide error bar in the TW salinity.
Significant differences in salinity between ocean basins are apparent, especially the relatively higher salinities of the Atlantic Ocean. In part, this difference is due to the continental distribution in the ocean basins. The narrowing of the Atlantic contributes to higher evaporation rates, and consequently higher salinity values, since a large fraction of its surface area is influenced by continental dry air (Gordon et al. 2015). The ?D:? 18 Osw relationship can be used as an indicator of the local E/P ratio, and ? 18 Osw and salinity are also used for this purpose. Schmidt (1999) demonstrated that smaller slope in mixing lines are characteristic of evaporative areas (in opposite, regions with a high rainfall rate have steeper lines). 2014). The weaker correlation in the surface, as wooplus shown in Fig. 2, can be an indicator that the hydrologic cycle (precipitation and evaporation) is not the only control in the ? 18 Osw:?Dsw relationship for this region and other forcing (i.e., advection and lateral mixing) may have importance, as also found by Hasson HASSON AE, DELCROIX T and DUSSIN R. 2013. An assessment of the mixed layer salinity budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Observations and modelling (1990–2009). Ocean Dynamics 63(2-3): 179-194. et al. (2013) working in similar areas in the Pacific Ocean. Due to the different vapor pressure kinetic enrichment (fractionation factors) between ? 18 Osw and ?Dsw, evaporative regions have a smaller slope than the MWL (Craig and Gordon 1965, Gat 1996). Thus, the steepening can be used as an indicator of the local E/P ratio and the slope of 7.62 found here suggests that this region has a small evaporative tendency. Rohling (2007) analyzed 244 samples collected worldwide and proposed a similar equation (?Dsw= 7.37* ? 18 Osw – 0.72). In both studies, the “deuterium excess” is slightly negative, which was already expected because it is relative to the average ocean water composition, referred to as the VSMOW (Rohling 2007, Kendall KENDALL C and CALDWELL EA. 1998. Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry. In: Kendall C and McDonnel JJ (Eds), Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, p. 51-86. and Caldwell 1998).